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This appendix is designed as a reference tool for users and system administrators. It defines and discusses a number of procedures and commands with options that are used in the day-to-day operation of a Windows Server 2003 system. The appendix begins with a review of command-line options available for the first time in 2003. The other commands covered in the appendix are common to both Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 products. These commands and utilities are listed alphabetically in the index. Here they have been broken down into several categories, as follows:
Command-line features new to Windows Server 2003
Backup
Batch
Comparison
Compression
Display
File management
File manipulation
Miscellaneous
Networking
Ownership
Search
System management
Resource Kit support tools
We distinguish procedures and commands in this way:
Procedures are methods for accomplishing a task using the Windows Server 2003 graphical interface.
Commands are executed within the command prompt, which invokes the Virtual DOS Machine (VDM).
In some cases, we provide both procedures and commands to give the system administrator a broader view of the capabilities of Windows Server 2003.
Within Windows Server 2003 two methods are available to review the file hierarchy: one uses the My Computer icon and its accompanying windows and the other uses Windows Explorer. We have chosen to focus primarily on Windows Server 2003 Explorer, which is accessed via Start 
Programs Accessories Windows Server 2003 Explorer. Procedures that can be completed using the My Computer windows will be referenced as appropriate. The command prompt is accessed via Start Programs Accessories command prompt. In this mode, Windows Server 2003 is not case-sensitive, so commands and their parameters and options may be entered in either lowercase or uppercase. Here lowercase is used as a matter of style. In addition, Windows Server 2003 has a series of what are referred to as "net commands." These commands assist the system administrator in maintaining the network and are distributed among the other sections where appropriate.
The following syntax conventions are used in the appendix:
Command names are lowercase.
Lowercase italic represents variables that must be replaced in the command. For example, filename must be replaced with the actual file name on which the command will operate.
[Brackets] surround optional parameters.
{Braces} surround a list of items, options, or parameters from which one must be chosen.
The pipe symbol ( | ) separates options from which one must be chosen. In this case, it works like an "or"; that is, you must choose one or the other.
Navigating the command prompt is very similar to working in a "dumb terminal" environment. Keystrokes are generally interpreted individually. Special shortcuts, known as doskeys, facilitate navigation. The following the keys are used most often:
UP ARROW recalls the command used immediately before the command that brought the current screen.
DOWN ARROW recalls the command used immediately after the command that brought the current screen.
PAGE UP recalls the oldest command used in the session.
PAGE DOWN recalls the most recent command used.
LEFT ARROW moves the insertion point back one character.
RIGHT ARROW moves the insertion point forward one character.
CTRL-LEFT ARROW moves the insertion point back one word.
CTRL-RIGHT ARROW moves the insertion point forward one word.
HOME moves the insertion point to the beginning of the line.
END moves the insertion point to the end of the line.
ESC clears the command.
F1 copies one character from the same column in the template.
F2 searches forward in the template for the next key typed after F2 is pressed.
F3 copies the remainder of the template to the command line.
F4 deletes characters from the current insertion point position up to the character specified.
F5 copies the template into the current command line.
F6 places an end-of-file character (CTRL-Z) at the current point.
F7 displays all commands for this program stored in memory in a pop-up box.
F8 displays all commands in the history buffer that start with the characters in the current command.
F9 prompts for a history buffer command number, then displays the command.
For more detail on a particular command or procedure, please refer to Windows Server 2003 Help, which can be accessed from the Start menu or from the window in which you are working.
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